Ontology Framework for Sustainability Evaluation of Cement–Steel-Slag-Stabilized Soft Soil Based on Life Cycle Assessment Approach

Steel slag has become a promising supplementary cementitious material for soft soil stabilization. However, there is lack of research on the integrated assessment cement–steel-slag-stabilized soils (SCSs) from performance, environmental, and economic perspectives. In this study, an ontology framework sustainable evaluation SCSs was developed based life cycle (LCA) approach, which combined knowledge base with semantic web rules to achieve automated decision design stabilization, considering comprehensive benefits. The applied marine stabilization case verify its scientificity practicability evaluate influence fineness, carbonation degree, substitution ratio steel sustainability SCSs. results show that, when compared pure-cement-stabilized (S-C), using 10% 20% fine carbonated 18 h (FSS-C-18h) as cement substitutes can significantly reduce carbon emissions costs while achieving similar strength performance S-C, demonstrating feasibility